Mitengo yamatabwa imakhala ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana muutali wake, kuyambira pa nyengo yosiyana-siyana pamwamba pa nthaka mpaka pachinyezi chozizirira komanso chokhazikika pansi.
Ndi pa gawo la pansi pa mtengo pomwe pamwamba ndi pansi pa nthaka zimakumana kuti apange malo abwino kwambiri kuti matabwa awonongeke.
Dothi lapamwamba lomwe lili pamwamba pa 6 ″ kapena kupitilira apo lakhala likusintha pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri kuti likhale njira yabwino kwambiri yotayira zinyalala. Zinthu zilizonse zakufa monga nkhuni, masamba ndi zina zotere zomwe zimagwa pansi zimaphwanyika ndikuphwanyidwa ndi zamoyo zambiri zomwe zili munthaka.
Bowa ndi anthu ochita bwino kwambiri m'nthaka; amaphwanya mitundu yonse ya zinthu zamoyo, ndikuwola zigawo za nthaka. Bowa amasintha zinthu zakufa kukhala biomass, carbon dioxide, ndi organic acid. Pali mazana masauzande amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa omwe pafupifupi 30,000 amadziwika kuti amaukira ndikuwononga nkhuni. Kuukira kwa fungal ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwola komanso kulephera kwamitengo yamatabwa.
Nkhuni zowononga mafangasi zimakula bwino pamene chilengedwe chili chabwino ndi nthaka yonyowa, yofunda ndi mpweya wabwino kukhala zofunika. Izi zimachitika kumtunda kwa 150mm (6″) kumtunda komwe kumagwa mvula, kutentha kwa dzuwa komanso mpweya wabwino/oxygen zonse zilipo.
Pakuya kwambiri, nthaka imakonda kuumbika kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kutuluka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutentha kwa dzuwa kumagwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kumatsike komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri ntchito za fungal.
M'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi, chiswe cha pansi pa nthaka chimaopseza kwambiri mitengo yamatabwa. Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe muyenera kukumbukira mukamayang'ana chiswe pamitengo. Choyamba, chiswe sichikonda kudya nkhuni zotetezedwa. Kachiwiri, monga lamulo, kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha akuwonetsa kuti chiswe zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kugaya nkhuni zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka ndi mafangasi. Grafu ili m'munsiyi ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kuyesa kwakukulu ku Australia komwe kuli mgwirizano womveka bwino pakati pa zochitika za kuwonongeka kwa mitengo ndi kuukira kwa chiswe ndi chiswe chotsatira posakhalitsa kuyambika kwa kuwonongeka kwa nkhuni. Mzere wapansi kapena pamwamba pa mtengowo ndi malo omwe amalowera chiswe. Kuchokera apa, n'zoonekeratu kuti kusunga misomali yosungiramo nkhuni ndi kupewa kuwola n'kofunika kwambiri pa kuchepetsa mwayi wa chiswe, makamaka pa gawo la mzere wapansi komanso pang'ono pamtunda.
Kuwonongeka kwa nkhuni kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi chinyezi cha nkhuni. Kuti kuwola kwa nkhuni kuyambike chinyezi cha 25% kapena kupitilira apo chimafunika. Ngati chinyezi chili chochuluka, ndiye kuti chiwopsezo chimawonjezeka mpaka kufika pamlingo wofanana. Mitengo ikayamba kuwola, imatha kupitilira pa chinyezi chochepa cha 20%, pansi pa mulingo uwu sivunda.
Mzati wamatabwa wokwiriridwa pansi umakhala ngati chingwe cha kandulo, umamwetsa madzi m'nthaka ndi kusiyana kwa mpweya wa nthunzi womwe umachititsa kuti madzi asunthire pamwamba pamtengo pomwe amatayika mumlengalenga ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa. Kusuntha kwa chinyonthoku ndikwapang'onopang'ono koma kosalekeza ndi mvula ndi kutentha kochokera kudzuwa zomwe zimayendetsa ntchitoyi.
M'machitidwe, izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo lonse la pansi pamtengowo ndi phata lapakati la nsongayo kufika pafupi ndi 50cm kapena 20″ pamwamba pa nthaka lidzakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri choposa 25%.
Mutha kuganiza kuti gawo lomwe lili pamwamba pa nthaka siliwola chifukwa silikukhudzana ndi bowa m'nthaka. Tsoka ilo, izi sizili choncho; ming'alu ya mtengowo m'kupita kwa nthawi mpaka pakatikati pamtengowo. Tizilombo ta mafangasi tokhala ndi mpweya titha kuwomberedwa m'ming'alu ndikukumana ndi matabwa achinyezi omwe ali pakatikati pa mtengowo. Njerezo zimatha kumera ndi kuwononga mkatikati mwa mtengowo; izi zimatchedwa core rot.
Kuteteza pang'ono ndi zinthu zotetezera nkhuni zamadzimadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtengo pansi pa vacuum/pressure yakhala njira yakale yochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa nkhuni ndi kulephera kwamitengo. Kuti ikhale yogwira mtima njira yodzitetezera iyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti iwonetsetse kuti ndende yotetezedwa (%), mulingo wosunga (kg/m³ kapena PCF) ndi kuya kwa kulowa (mm kapena mainchesi). Kuti zitheke bwino, mtengowo umawumitsidwa kuti ukhale ndi chinyezi chokwanira musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala oteteza. Njira zamakono zowumitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira mankhwala opangira magetsi amapereka chitetezo chokhazikika, chapamwamba kwambiri kuti chisawole chikagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.
Mankhwala oteteza nkhuni amapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri pamwamba pa nthaka komanso pansi pomwe mikhalidwe yowola imakhala yochepa kwambiri. Ndi pa mzere wovuta kwambiri wamakina wa mtengo pomwe matabwa amawola ndi kulephera.
Panthawi imeneyi kukhudzana ndi kutentha kwapamwamba, mpweya ndi chinyezi zimatha kufulumizitsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a nkhuni zotetezera. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwa nyengo kumayambitsa kunyowetsa ndi kuyanika kwanthawi zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zoteteza matabwa zisamasunthike kuchoka pamtengo kulowa m'nthaka. Zotsatira zake zonse ndikutaya kwa kawopsedwe kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'kupita kwa nthawi.
Zinthu zothamangitsa madzi zimaphatikiza ma biocides limodzi ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe othamangitsa madzi pamtundu wa Creosote kapena kuwonjezera mafuta monga mafuta a AWPA P9a kuti apange kuthamangitsa madzi akagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi biocides monga Pentachlorophenol kapena mkuwa. Mafuta "sakhazikika" pamitengo ndipo paokha amapereka moyo wocheperako chifukwa sali biocides. Amatalikitsa moyo mwa kupanga chotchinga pang'ono kuti chinyezi chilowe kuchokera pansi *.
M'kupita kwa nthawi mafuta / zotetezera zimatayika chifukwa cha kusamuka kupita kunthaka. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri pagawo la pansi pamtengo pomwe kunyowetsa ndi kuyanika kwanyengo pamodzi ndi mikhalidwe yabwino ya okosijeni kumatha kukulitsa kutayika kwa mphamvuyi pakapita nthawi.
Pali kuwunika kwa ku Europe kwa chilolezo chopitilira kugwiritsa ntchito creosote ngati chosungira nkhuni mu Marichi 2021. Ndi France posachedwapa yaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito creosote ndi European Chemicals agency (ECHA) posachedwapa yaika creosote ngati carcinogen, maiko a 6 okha a ku Ulaya omwe tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito creosote mu voliyumu akuyang'ana mosakayika kuti chilolezo chogwiritsira ntchito creosote chidzasinthidwa.
Zosungiramo zamchere zopanda madzi zokhala ndi nkhuni zamkuwa zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe konse ngati njira yolandirika ku Creosote kuyambira 2005.
Zosungira matabwazi zili ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino ndi malipoti a kulephera kwamitengo koyambirira koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda owonjezera kuthana ndi vuto la bowa wololera mkuwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zokometsera, komanso kuwongolera kwamankhwala ndi kuchuluka kwa kasungidwe kambiri kwachulukitsa moyo wamtundu wamitundu yatsopano yosungira. Makasitomala ambiri omwe timalankhula nawo omwe adagwiritsa ntchito zotetezazi kuyambira 2005 amatiuza kuti akuyembekezera moyo wazaka 15 mpaka 20 ndi mitundu yaposachedwa ngakhale moyo wautali ungakhalepo.
Pazinthu zonse zothandizira pali kuyang'ana kosalekeza pakuchepetsa mtengo, kuwongolera chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa maukonde. Ngakhale ndi creosote yokhala ndi moyo wazaka 40 pazothandizira zambiri m'malo mwa matabwa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito. Kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi nthawi zambiri amawononga ndalama zokwana €/$/£ 2500 kuti asinthe mtengo wogawa magetsi ndipo izi zimangowonjezera mtengo wapafupifupi €/$/£25 miliyoni pamitengo 10,000 yomwe imasinthidwa pachaka.
Pofuna kuthana ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wosinthira mtengo ku Europe ndikufananiza moyo wautumiki woperekedwa ndi creosote, opanga zodzitetezera posachedwapa atulutsa zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zosungira zamatabwa zamkuwa ndi mafuta othamangitsa madzi. Kuphatikizika kumeneku mosakayika kuyenera kupereka moyo wautali wotalikirapo kuposa madzi osungira mkuwa okha koma kuti ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji sikudziwika. Sizikudziwika kuti ndizodetsa nkhawa pazinthu zambiri zomwe timayankhula ndi makamaka omwe adakumanapo ndi zovuta m'mbuyomu. Factor mu ndemanga zomwe zikuwonetsa mtengo wokwera kwambiri wa chithandizochi komanso zambiri zomwe timalankhula nazo tsopano zikuwunikanso zosankha zomwe zawatsegukira kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina zamtengo monga chitsulo, kompositi kapena konkriti limodzi ndi kachitidwe kakang'ono ndi Total chotchinga.
Chitsanzo cha izi ndi ganizo laposachedwa la France Telecom (Orange) logwiritsa ntchito mitengo yachitsulo m'malo mwa mitengo yamatabwa ku France, ngakhale izi zikuwonjezera mpweya wawo wa CO2 ndi matani pafupifupi 220,000 pachaka. Izi ndizoyipa kwa chilengedwe komanso kuwononga kwakukulu kwa opanga mitengo yamatabwa, gawo la nkhalango ndi opanga zosungirako zogulitsa zomwe zatayika pafupifupi 220,000 mizati pachaka.
* Malipoti athunthu omwe akupezeka mukafunsidwa
Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhazikitsa ndi kukonza mizati yamatabwa nthawi zambiri ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe amawononga kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zophatikizika pachaka zomwe zikuphatikizapo mtengo wokhazikitsidwa ndi kuwunika ndi kukonzanso ndalama zomwe zimafalikira pamitengo yomwe ikuyembekezeka kumapereka chiwonetsero chomveka bwino komanso chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pamtengo wamtengo, ndikuyerekeza ndi njira zina.
Tiyeni titenge 1000 mailosi ku North America LV kugawa maukonde monga chitsanzo; kafukufuku wathu kutengera deta zamakampani akuwonetsa:
- ndi masitayilo apakati a 250ft ofanana ndi mizati 21,120, ndalama zophatikizidwa pamtengo uliwonse ndi mtengo woyika zimakwana $63 miliyoni.
- Kutengera lingaliro lakuti 12% ya mitengoyi imawunikiridwa zaka khumi zilizonse pamtengo woyendera $100, mtengo wapachaka wokonza mitengo ungakhale $633,000 kuphatikiza ntchito yokonzanso.
- Malingana ndi moyo wa zaka 20 wosungira madzi mkuwa (Creosote / CCA 40 zaka), ndalama zonse zosungiramo moyo wa mizati ya 21,120 zingakhale $ 25 miliyoni.
- Pazonse, mtengo wamoyo wonse wamitengo ya 21,120, kutengera deta yathu yofufuza zamakampani, ndi $ 88 miliyoni.
Deta yathu ikuwonetsa kuti ndalama zokonzetsera za Utility ndizokwera. Ngakhale kuti chitsanzochi ndi cha ku North America, kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza zotsatira zofanana ndi malo osiyanasiyana.
Mogwirizana ndi mtengo wowonekera, ndalama zambiri zobisika zimatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kulephera kwamitengo. Kutengera ndi kayendetsedwe ka msika, kulephera kwa gridi chifukwa cha kugwa kwamitengo kumatha kubweretsa zilango zachuma kwa Utilities. Kugwa kwa pole sikungopangitsa kuti ma gridi alephereke, komanso kumapereka mwayi wosokoneza chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi anthu. Kuthekera kwa zolephereka izi ndi ndalama zomwe zingabweretse zitha kuchepetsedwa; ngati mukufuna kudziwa kuti mungasunge ndalama zingati polesaver yesani wathu mtengo chowerengera kuti mudziwe zambiri.
Ndalama zosafunikira izi, zowonekera komanso zobisika, ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zichepetse. Yang'anani nkhani yathu yotsatira pamene tikufufuza zomwe zilipo njira zina zotalikitsira moyo wapagulu, kuphatikizirapo zinthu zina zamtengo ndi njira zotchinga pang'ono komanso zonse ndi zotsatira zake pakukonza, chitetezo ndi chilengedwe.
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