Iipali zomthi ezisebenza ngamaplanga zisesichengeni seemeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngobude bazo, ukusuka kwiimeko zemozulu ezahluka ngokubanzi ngaphezulu komhlaba ukuya kwiimeko ezipholileyo ezifumileyo nezizinzileyo emhlabeni.
Kukwicandelo lomgca womhlaba wepali apho iimeko ezingaphezulu nangaphantsi komhlaba zidibana khona ukudala iimeko ezigqibeleleyo zokubola kweenkuni.
Umhlaba ongaphezulu kwi-6 ″ okanye ngaphezulu komhlaba uye wavela kwizigidi zeminyaka ukuze ube yinkqubo esebenzayo yokulahla inkunkuma. Nayiphi na into efileyo yendalo efana nemithi, amagqabi njl.
Iifungi ngabemi abaphumelele kakhulu emhlabeni; baqhekeza zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo, zibolisa iinxalenye zomhlaba. Iifungi ziguqula izinto eziphilayo ezifileyo zibe yibiomass, ikharbon diokside, kunye neeasidi eziphilayo. Kukho amakhulu amawaka eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zefungi apho malunga nama-30,000 aziwa ngokuhlasela nokutshabalalisa iinkuni. Uhlaselo lwefungal luyimbangela ephambili yokubola kunye nokungaphumeleli kwizibonda zokusetyenziswa kwamaplanga.
Umngundo otshabalalisa iinkuni ukhula kakuhle xa imeko-bume ifanelekile enomhlaba ofumileyo, oshushu kunye nobonelelo olululo lweoksijini luyimfuneko. Ezi meko zikholisa ukwenzeka kumntla we-150mm (6″) womhlaba apho imvula, ubushushu obuvela elangeni kunye nonikezelo lomoya olungileyo/ioksijini zonke zikhona.
Kubunzulu obukhulu, umhlaba uthande ukugangatheka, uthintele ukuhamba komoya kunye neoksijini. Ngelo xesha, impembelelo yokufudumala kwelanga iyawa, ekhokelela kubushushu obuphantsi kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wefungal.
Kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, iintubi ezingaphantsi komhlaba ziyingozi enkulu kwiipali zomthi. Zimbini izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule xa ujonga uhlaselo lweentubi ezizibonda. Okokuqala, iintubi azikuthandi ukutya iinkuni ezifakwe ipreservative. Okwesibini, njengomgaqo jikelele, uphando oluzimeleyo lubonisa ukuba iintubi ezininzi zikufumanisa kulula ukwetyisa umthi ophantsi kokubola komngundo. Igrafu engezantsi ibonisa umphumo wovavanyo olukhulu e-Australia apho kukho ubudlelwane obucacileyo phakathi kwesiganeko sokubola kwepoleni kunye nokuhlaselwa kweentubi ngokuhlaselwa kweentubi ezilandela ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqala kokubola kweenkuni. Umgca osezantsi okanye umphezulu wepali yindawo eqhelekileyo yokungena kwiintubi. Ukusuka koku, kucacile ukuba ukugcinwa kwezinto ezigcinayo kwimithi kunye nokuthintela ukubola kubalulekile ekunciphiseni amathuba okuhlaselwa kweentubi, ngakumbi kwicandelo lomgca ophantsi osengozini kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci kwi-pole top.
Iziganeko zokubola kweenkuni zihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kumswakama womthi. Ukuze ukubola kweenkuni kuqale umthamo wokufuma ongama-25% nangaphezulu uyafuneka. Ukuba isiqulatho sokufuma singaphezulu, ngoko ke izinga lokubola liyenyuka liyokutsho kwinqanaba elilinganayo. Xa iinkuni ziqala ukubola, oko kunokuqhubekeka kumlinganiselo wokufuma ophantsi wama-20%, ngaphantsi kweli nqanaba lokubola kweenkuni akwenzeki.
Ipali yeplanga engcwatywe emhlabeni iziphatha okomsonto wekhandlela, ifunxa amanzi emhlabeni kunye nomahluko woxinzelelo lomphunga obangela ukuba amanzi anyukele phezulu kwipali apho alahleka emoyeni ngokuphuma komoya kunye nobushushu belanga. Le ntshukumo yokufuma yinkqubo ecothayo kodwa eqhubekayo kunye nemvula kunye nobushushu obuvela elangeni ngabona baqhuba phambili kule nkqubo.
Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuthetha ukuba lonke icandelo lomgca osezantsi wepali kunye nombindi ongaphakathi wecandelo lepali ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50cm okanye 20″ ngaphezulu komhlaba uya kuba nobumanzi obuphezulu obungaphezulu kwe-25%.
Unokucinga ukuba icandelo elingasentla komhlaba aliyi kubola njengoko lingadibani neefungi emhlabeni. Ngelishwa, oku akunjalo; Ukuqhekeka kwepali ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuya kumbindi omanzi wepali. Iintsholongwane zokungunda ezisemoyeni zinokuvuthelwa kwiintanda kwaye zidibane nomthi ofumileyo osembindini wepali kanye ngasentla komgangatho womhlaba. Imbewu inokuthi intshule kwaye itshabalalise umbindi wepali; oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-core rot.
Ukukhuselwa okungaphelelanga ngesithinteli somthi elulwelo esisetyenziswa kwipali phantsi komjikelo wokufunxa/woxinzelelo ibe yindlela yemveli yokulibazisa ukuqala kokubola komthi kunye nokusilela kwepali. Ukuze isebenze inkqubo yonyango lolondolozo kufuneka ilawulwe ngononophelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ugxininiso oluchanekileyo (%), ugcino (kg/m³ okanye PCF) umgangatho kunye nobunzulu bokungena (mm okanye i-intshi). Ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezingcono, ipali iyomiswa ukuze ifikelele kwesona siqulatho sokufuma ngaphambi konyango lolondolozo. Iindlela zokomisa zanamhlanje kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezityalo zonyango ezizenzekelayo zinika ukhuseleko olungaguquguqukiyo, olukumgangatho ophezulu ekuboleni xa lusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo.
Unyango lokugcinwa kweenkuni lubonelela ngokhuseleko olugqwesileyo ngaphezu komhlaba nanzulu emhlabeni apho iimeko zokubola zingaphantsi kokufanelekileyo. Kukwicandelo lepali elibaluleke ngoomatshini apho kukho ukubola nokusilela kweenkuni.
Ngeli xesha ukuvezwa kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ioksijini kunye nokufuma kunokukhawulezisa i-oxidation yesilondolozi somthi. Kwangaxeshanye, utshintsho lwemozulu lubangela imijikelo yokumanzisa rhoqo kunye nokomisa okukhokelela ekufudukeni ngokuthe ngcembe kwesilondolozi somthi ukusuka kwipali ukuya emhlabeni. Impembelelo iyonke yilahleko yetyhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zokungunda ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iimveliso ezigxotha amanzi zidibanisa i-biocides kunye neempawu zendalo zokugxotha amanzi kwimeko yeCreosote okanye ukongezwa kweoli efana ne-AWPA P9a yeoli ukudala ukugxotha amanzi xa isetyenziswe ngokudibanisa ne-biocides njenge-Pentachlorophenol okanye ubhedu. Ioyile "ayilungiswanga" emthini kwaye ngokwazo zibonelela ngokwandiswa kobomi obulinganiselweyo njengoko zingezizo ii-biocides. Bandisa ubomi ngokudala umqobo ongaphelelanga ekungeneni kokufuma emhlabeni*.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha elide i-oyile/izithinteli ziyalahleka ngenxa yokufudukela emhlabeni. Esi siphumo sibonakala kakhulu kwicandelo lomgca osezantsi wepali apho imijikelo yokumanzisa kunye nokomisa kwemozulu kudityaniswe neemeko ezifanelekileyo ze-oxidation inokunyusa le lahleko yokusebenza ngexesha.
Kukho uphononongo lwaseYurophu lwelayisenisi yokusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-creosote njengento yokukhusela iinkuni ngo-Matshi 2021. Ekubeni iFransi isanda kuvala ukusetyenziswa kwe-creosote kunye ne-European Chemicals agency (ECHA) esandul 'ukuchaza i-creosote njenge-carcinogen, amazwe angama-6 kuphela aseYurophu ngoku asebenzisa i-creosote ngomthamo kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba ilayisenisi yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-creosote iya kuphinda isetyenziswe.
Amanzi angagxothi amanzi agcinwe kwimithi yetyuwa yetyuwa asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu njengenye indlela eyamkelekileyo yokusingqongileyo kwiCreosote ukusukela ngo-2005.
Ezi zithinteli zomthi zinembali ehlolisisiweyo ezineengxelo zokungaphumeleli kwepali ekuqaleni kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-co biocides ezongezelelweyo ukujongana nomba wokunyamezela ubhedu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezilungiso, kunye nemigangatho yonyango ephuculweyo kunye namazinga aphezulu okugcina anyuse ubomi bepole kwiinguqulelo ezintsha zesi sigcini. Uninzi lwabathengi abaluncedo esithetha nabo abathe basebenzisa ezi zithinteli ukusukela ngo-2005 basixelela ukuba balindele iminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20 ubude bobomi kunye neenguqulelo zamva nje nangona ubomi obude bunokuzuzwa ngokwenyani.
Kuzo zonke izinto eziluncedo kukho ugxininiso olungayekeleliyo ekucutheni iindleko, ekuphuculeni ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kothungelwano. Nokuba kukho i-creosote enyangwa ngepali yeminyaka engama-40 kwizinto ezininzi ezisetyenziselwa ukutshintshwa kweepali zamaplanga yenye yeendleko zabo ezinkulu zokusebenza. Kumantla ehemisphere kudla ngokuxabisa malunga ne-€/$/£ 2500 ukubuyisela ipali yokuhambisa amandla kwaye oku kudibanisa neendleko eziqhelekileyo ezimalunga ne-€/$/£25 yezigidi ngeepali ezili-10,000 ezitshintshwayo ngonyaka.
Ukuzama ukujongana nokunyuka kweendleko zokutshintshwa kwepali eYurophu kunye nokuhambelana nobomi benkonzo obunikezwa yi-creosote, abavelisi bezinto ezigcinayo basandul 'ukuphehlelela iimveliso ezintsha ezisebenzisa indibaniselwano yezinto ezigcina ukhuni ezisekwe kwi-copper kunye ne-oyile egxotha amanzi. Le ndibaniselwano kufuneka ngokungathandabuzekiyo inike ubomi bepali obude kunesigcinamanzi esekwe kubhedu kuphela kodwa ukuba lingakanani ixesha elingaziwa ngoku. Yile nto engaziwayo ukuba yinkxalabo yezixhobo ezininzi esithetha ngazo ngakumbi abo baye bafumana imiba ngokusilela kwipali kwixesha elidlulileyo. Umba wengxelo ebonisa iindleko eziphakamileyo kakhulu zolu nyango kunye nezixhobo ezininzi esithetha ngazo ngoku ziphonononga iinketho ezivuleleke kubo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizezinye zeepali ezifana nentsimbi, i-composite okanye ikhonkrithi kunye ne-partial kunye ne-Total barrier systems.
Umzekelo woku sisigqibo samva nje se-France Telecom (i-Orenji) sokusebenzisa iipali zentsimbi endaweni yokucocwa kweepali zomthi e-France, ngaphandle koku kwandisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yabo malunga neetoni ezingama-220,000 ngonyaka. Oku kubi kwemekobume kunye nokubetha okukhulu kubavelisi beepali zomthi, icandelo lamahlathi kunye nabavelisi bolondolozo abalahlekileyo kwiipali ezimalunga nama-220,000 ngonyaka.
* Iingxelo ezipheleleyo ziyafumaneka xa ziceliwe
Iindleko zoncedo lokufakela nokugcina iipali zoncedo zamaplanga zidla ngokuba yenye yezona nkcitho ziphezulu zazo. Ukusebenzisa iindleko ezidityanisiweyo zonyaka ezibandakanya iindleko ezifakiweyo kunye nokuhlolwa kunye neendleko zokulungisa ezisasazwe phezu kweepali ezilindelekileyo ubomi bunika ngokucacileyo kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa inani leendleko zepali, kunye nokuthelekisa nezinye iindlela.
Makhe sithathe i-1000 yeemayile kuMntla waseMelika wothungelwano lweLV njengomzekelo; uphando lwethu olusekwe kwidatha yoshishino lubonisa:
- kunye ne-avareji yokwahlukana kwepali ye-250ft elingana nezibonda ze-21,120, iindleko ezidibeneyo zepali nganye kunye neendleko zokufakela zizonke ze-63 yezigidi zeedola.
- Ngokusekelwe kwingcinga yokuba i-12% yezi zibonda zihlolwe rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi kwiindleko zokuhlola i-100 yeedola, iindleko zonyaka zokugcinwa kweepali ziya kuba yi-633,000 yeedola kuquka nomsebenzi wokulungisa.
- Ngokusekelwe kwi-20 iminyaka yokuphila kwi-preservative yethusi esekelwe emanzini (i-Creosote / CCA iminyaka eyi-40), ixabiso elipheleleyo lokugcinwa kweendleko zobomi kwiipali ze-21,120 ziya kuba yi-$ 25 yezigidi.
- Lilonke, ixabiso lokuphila kweepali ze-21,120, ngokusekelwe kwidatha yethu yophando lweshishini, yi-$ 88 yezigidi.
Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuba iindleko zokugcinwa kwezinto eziSebenzayo zininzi. Nangona lo mzekelo uqondene ngqo noMntla Melika, uphando lwethu lubonise iziphumo ezifanayo kuluhlu lweendawo zejografi.
Ngokubambisana neendleko ezicacileyo, iindleko ezininzi ezinokubakho ezifihliweyo zinokuthi zenzeke ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwepali. Ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo lwemarike, ukusilela kwegridi ngenxa yokuwa kwepali kunokungenisa izohlwayo zemali kwii-Utility. Ukuwa kwePole akunako nje ukubangela ukusilela kwegridi, kodwa kukwabonisa ithuba lokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye noluntu. Ukubakho kwezi ntsilelo kunye neendleko ezibangelwayo zinokuncitshiswa zombini; ukuba ungathanda ukwazi ukuba ungagcina malini polesaver zama wethu icalculator yeendleko ngolwazi oluthe kratya.
Ezi ndleko ezingafunekiyo, zombini ezicacileyo nezifihliweyo, ziyinjongo ebalulekileyo yokunciphisa okunokwenzeka. Jonga inqaku lethu elilandelayo njengoko sihlola ezikhoyo ezinye iindlela zokwandisa ubomi bepali, kubandakanywa izixhobo ezizezinye zeepali kunye neenkqubo zokuthintela inxalenye kunye nezipheleleyo kunye nemiphumo yazo kulondolozo, ukhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo.
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