Izigxobo ezisetshenziswa ngokhuni zichayeka ezimeni eziningi ezihlukene ngobude bazo, kusukela ezimeni zezulu ezihlukahluka kakhulu ngaphezu komhlaba kuya kwezimo ezipholile ezimanzi nezinzile ekujuleni komhlaba.
Kusengxenyeni yomugqa ophansi wepali lapho izimo ezingaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba zihlangana khona ukuze kwakhiwe izimo eziphelele zokubola kwezinkuni kwenzeke.
Inhlabathi engaphezulu engaphezulu kuka-6″ noma ngaphezulu komhlaba iguquke ezigidini zeminyaka ukuze ibe uhlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu lokulahla imfucuza. Noma iyiphi into ephilayo efile njengokhuni, amaqabunga njll. ewela phansi iyaphuka futhi iphihlizwe inqwaba yezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini.
Isikhunta siyizakhamuzi eziphumelela kakhulu zenhlabathi; babhidliza zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, zibola izingxenye zomhlabathi. Isikhunta siguqula izinto eziphilayo ezifile zibe i-biomass, i-carbon dioxide, nama-organic acid. Kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezahlukene zesikhunta okuyizinto ezingaba ngu-30,000 ezaziwa ngokuhlasela nokucekela phansi izinkuni. Ukuhlasela kwesikhunta kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokubola nokwehluleka ezigxotsheni zokhuni.
Isikhunta esicekela phansi izinkuni sikhula kahle lapho indawo ezungezile ikahle lapho kunenhlabathi emanzi, efudumele kanye nokutholakala okuhle komoyampilo okuyizidingo ezibalulekile. Lezi zimo zivame ukwenzeka endaweni engaphezulu engu-150mm (6″) yomhlabathi lapho imvula, ukushisa okuvela elangeni kanye nokutholakala kahle komoya/ komoyampilo kukhona konke.
Ekujuleni okukhulu, inhlabathi ijwayele ukucinana, inciphise ukugeleza komoya nomoya-mpilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushisa kwelanga kuyawa, okuholela emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi kunciphise kakhulu umsebenzi we-fungal.
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, umuhlwa ongaphansi komhlaba uyingozi enkulu ezigxotsheni zokhuni. Kunezinto ezimbili okufanele uzikhumbule lapho ubheka ukuhlasela kwezigxobo zomuhlwa. Okokuqala, umuhlwa awukuthandi ukudla ukhuni olufakwe isivikelo. Okwesibili, njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ucwaningo oluzimele lubonisa ukuthi imihlwa eminingi ikuthola kulula ukugaya ukhuni olungaphansi kokubola kwesikhunta. Igrafu engezansi ibonisa umphumela wokuhlolwa okukhulu e-Australia lapho kunobudlelwane obucacile phakathi kwezehlakalo zokubola kwezigxobo kanye nokuhlasela komhlwa nokuhlaselwa komhlwa okulandela ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kokubola kwezinkuni. Umugqa ophansi noma phezulu kwesigxobo okuyindawo evamile yokungena emihlwa. Kulokhu, kuyacaca ukuthi ukugcina ukugxiliswa kokulondolozwa kokhuni nokuvimbela ukubola kubalulekile ekwehliseni amathuba okuhlasela umuhlwa, ikakhulukazi endaweni esengozini yomugqa ophansi futhi kancane phezulu phezulu.
Isigameko sokubola kwezinkuni sihlobene ngokuqondile nomswakama wezinkuni. Ukuze ukubola kwezinkuni kuqale umswakama ongu-25% noma ngaphezulu uyadingeka. Uma umswakama ungaphezulu, izinga lokubola ngokuvamile liyakhuphuka lifike ezingeni elilinganayo. Uma izinkuni seziqala ukubola, zingaqhubeka kumswakama ophansi wama-20%, ngaphansi kwaleli zinga ukubola kwezinkuni akwenzeki.
Isigxobo sokhuni esigqitshwe phansi siziphatha njengentambo yekhandlela, simunca amanzi enhlabathini ngomehluko wokucindezela komhwamuko okwenza amanzi akhuphukele phezulu esigxotsheni lapho alahleka khona emoyeni ngokugeleza komoya nokufudumala kwelanga. Lokhu kunyakaza komswakama kuyinqubo ehamba kancane kodwa eqhubekayo enemvula nokushisa okuvela elangeni okuyiyona nto ehamba phambili kule nqubo.
Empeleni, lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi yonke ingxenye yomugqa ophansi wepali kanye nenkaba engaphakathi yesigxobo kufika cishe ku-50cm noma 20″ ngaphezu komhlaba kuyoba nomswakama ophezulu ongaphezu kuka-25%.
Ungase ucabange ukuthi ingxenye engenhla komhlaba ngeke ibole njengoba ingathintani nesikhunta emhlabathini. Ngeshwa, akunjalo; ukuqhekeka kwesigxobo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuze kufike enkabeni emanzi yesigxobo. Izinhlamvu zesikhunta ezisemoyeni zingapheshulwa emifantwini futhi zihlangane nokhuni oluswakeme phakathi nendawo yesigxobo ngaphezu nje kwezinga lomhlabathi. Izinhlamvu zingabe sezihluma futhi zicekele phansi ingaphakathi lesigxobo; lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-core rot.
Ukuvikela okuyingxenye ngesilondolozi sokhuni oluwuketshezi esisetshenziswa esigxotsheni esingaphansi kwevacuum/umjikelezo wokucindezela kube indlela evamile yokubambezela ukuqala kokubola kwezinkuni nokuhluleka kwezigxobo. Ukuze kusebenze inqubo yokwelapha elondolozayo kufanele ilawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukugxiliswa kwe-preservative okulungile (%), izinga lokugcinwa (kg/m³ noma i-PCF) nokujula kokungena (mm noma amayintshi). Ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu, isigxobo siyomiswa sibe nomswakamo ophelele ngaphambi kokwelashwa okulondoloziwe. Izindlela zokomisa zesimanje kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokwelapha ingcindezi ezizenzakalelayo kunikeza isivikelo esingaguquki, sekhwalithi ephezulu ekuboleni lapho sisetshenziswa kahle.
Umuthi wokuvikela ukhuni uhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okuhle kakhulu ngaphezu komhlabathi futhi ujule emhlabathini lapho izimo zokubola zingaphansi kokuhle. Kusesigabeni somugqa waphansi obalulekile ngomshini lapho kuyinkinga khona ukubola nokwehluleka kwezinkuni.
Kuleli qophelo ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, umoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama kungasheshisa i-oxidation yesilondolozi sezinkuni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela imijikelezo evamile yokumanzisa nokomisa okuholela ekufudukeni kancane kancane kwesivimbeli sokhuni sisuka esigxotsheni siye emhlabathini. Umthelela jikelele ukulahlekelwa ubuthi ezinto eziphilayo zefungal ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Imikhiqizo exosha amanzi ihlanganisa ama-biocides kanye nezici zemvelo zokuxosha amanzi endabeni ye-Creosote noma ukungezwa kwamafutha afana nowoyela we-AWPA P9a ukuze kwakhe ukuxosha amanzi lapho esetshenziswa kuhlanganiswa nama-biocides afana ne-Pentachlorophenol noma ithusi. Amafutha "awagxili" okhunini futhi ngokwawo ahlinzeka ngokunwetshwa okulinganiselwe kwempilo njengoba engewona ama-biocides. Zandisa ukuphila ngokwakha umgoqo oyingxenye wokungena komswakama ovela emhlabathini*.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside uwoyela/izivimbelakuvunda ziyalahleka ngenxa yokufudukela emhlabathini. Lo mphumela ugqama kakhulu engxenyeni yomugqa ophansi wepali lapho imijikelezo yokumanzisa nesimo sezulu eyomisa kuhlangene nezimo ezikahle zokukhipha i-oxidation kungabhebhethekisa lokhu kulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kukhona ukubuyekezwa kwaseYurophu kwelayisense lokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwe-creosote njengesivikeli sezinkuni ngoMashi 2021. Njengoba i-France isanda kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-creosote kanye ne-European Chemicals agency (ECHA) esanda kubeka i-creosote njenge-carcinogen, amazwe angu-6 kuphela ase-Europe manje asebenzisa i-creosote ngevolumu abukeka emancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi ilayisense yokusetshenziswa kwe-creosote izovuselelwa kabusha.
Izilondolozi zezinkuni zikasawoti ezingaxoshi amanzi zisetshenziswe kabanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu njengendlela eyamukeleka kakhulu endaweni yeCreosote kusukela ngo-2005.
Lezi zivimbelakuvunda zokhuni zinomlando ohloliwe onemibiko yokwehluleka kwezigxobo zakuqala kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-magciwane ezengeziwe ukuze kubhekwane nodaba lwesikhunta esibekezelela ithusi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithako zokulungisa, kanye namazinga okwelapha athuthukisiwe kanye namazinga aphezulu okugcina akhuphule ukuphila kwezigxobo ezinguqulweni ezintsha zalesi silondolozi. Amakhasimende amaningi awusizo esikhuluma nawo asebenzise lezi zilondolozi kusukela ngo-2005 asitshela ukuthi alindele iminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengu-20 yokuphila ngezinguqulo zakamuva nakuba ukuphila okude kungase kuzuzwe empeleni.
Kuzo zonke izinsiza kukhona ukugxila okungapheli ekwehliseni izindleko, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha nokwethembeka kwenethiwekhi. Ngisho ne-creosote ephathwa ngempilo yesigxobo yeminyaka engu-40 yezinsiza eziningi ukubuyisela isigxobo sokhuni kungenye yezindleko zabo zokusebenza ezinkulu kakhulu. ENyakatho nenkabazwe kubiza cishe u-€/$/£ 2500 ukufaka isigxobo sokusabalalisa amandla futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa nezindleko ezivamile ezingaba ngu-€/$/£25 wezigidi ngezigxobo eziyi-10,000 ezishintshwayo ngonyaka.
Ukuzama ukubhekana nenkinga yokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokushintshwa kwezigxobo e-Europe futhi kufaniswe nempilo yesevisi enikezwa i-creosote, abakhiqizi bezinto ezilondolozayo basanda kwethula imikhiqizo emisha esebenzisa inhlanganisela yezilondolozi zezinkuni ezenziwe ngethusi namafutha axosha amanzi. Le nhlanganisela ngokungangabazeki kufanele inikeze impilo ende yesigxobo kunesilondolozi sekhopha esisekelwe emanzini kuphela kodwa ukuthi isikhathi esingakanani okwamanje akwaziwa. Yilokhu okungaziwa okukhathaza izinsiza eziningi esikhuluma nazo ikakhulukazi labo abake bahlangabezana nezinkinga zokungaphumeleli kwezigxobo esikhathini esidlule. Isici sempendulo ebonisa izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zalokhu kwelashwa kanye nezinsiza eziningi esikhuluma nazo manje zibuyekeza izinketho ezivulekele kuzo okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zezigxobo ezifana nensimbi, inhlanganisela noma ukhonkolo kanye nezinhlelo eziyingxenye kanye neTotal barrier.
Isibonelo salokhu isinqumo sakamuva se-France Telecom (Orange) sokusebenzisa izigxobo zensimbi esikhundleni sezigxobo zokhuni ezihlanjululwe e-France, naphezu kwalokhu kwandisa umoya wabo we-CO2 ngamathani angaba ngu-220,000 ngonyaka. Lokhu kubi emvelweni futhi kulimaza kakhulu abakhiqizi bezigxobo zokhuni, umkhakha wamahlathi kanye nabakhiqizi abalondolozayo abalahlekelwa ukuthengiswa kwezigxobo ezingaba ngu-220,000 ngonyaka.
* Imibiko egcwele iyatholakala ngesicelo
Izindleko zensiza yokufaka nokunakekela izigxobo zensiza zokhuni ngokuvamile zingenye yezindleko zazo eziphezulu kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa izindleko ezihlanganisiwe zonyaka ezihlanganisa izindleko ezifakiwe kanye nezindleko zokuhlola kanye nokulungisa ezisatshalaliswa phezu kwezigxobo ezilindelekile kunikeza inani elicacile nelisebenziseka kalula lezindleko zesigxobo, kanye nokuqhathanisa nezinye izindlela.
Ake sithathe amamayela angu-1000 inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa i-LV yaseNyakatho Melika njengesibonelo; ucwaningo lwethu olusekelwe kudatha yemboni lubonisa:
– ngesilinganiso sesikhala sesigxobo esingama-250ft esilingana nezigxobo ezingu-21,120, izindleko ezihlanganisiwe zesigxobo ngasinye kanye nezindleko zokufaka zifinyelela ku-$63 million.
- Ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi u-12% walezi zigxobo zihlolwa njalo eminyakeni eyishumi ngezindleko zokuhlola ze-$ 100, izindleko zonyaka zokugcinwa kwezigxobo zingama-$ 633,000 kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wokulungisa.
- Ngokusekelwe esikhathini sokuphila seminyaka engu-20 yesilondolozi sethusi esisekelwe emanzini (iminyaka engu-Creosote/CCA engu-40), izindleko eziphelele zokulondoloza impilo yezigxobo ezingu-21,120 zingaba izigidi ezingu-$25.
- Sekukonke, izindleko zokuphila kwezigxobo ezingu-21,120, ngokusekelwe kudatha yethu yocwaningo lwemboni, zingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-88.
Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuthi izindleko zokulungisa i-Utilities zinkulu. Nakuba lesi sibonelo siqonde ngqo eNyakatho Melika, ucwaningo lwethu luveze imiphumela efanayo ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene.
Ngokuhambisana nezindleko ezisobala, izindleko ezimbalwa ezifihlekile ezingase zenzeke ngenxa yokwehluleka kwezigxobo. Ngokuya ngomthetho wemakethe, ukwehluleka kwegridi ngenxa yokuwa kwesigxobo kungase kungenise izinhlawulo zezezimali Ezinsizeni. Ukuwa kwe-pole akusho nje kuphela ukuthi kunamandla okubangela ukungasebenzi kwegridi, kodwa futhi kuveza amathuba okubeka engcupheni ukuphepha kwabasebenzi nomphakathi. Amathuba alokhu kwehluleka kanye nezindleko eziwumphumela zingancishiswa kokubili; uma ungathanda ukwazi ukuthi ungagcina ngamalini polesaver zama wethu wokubala izindleko ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Lezi zindleko ezingafuneki, zombili ezisobala nezifihliwe, ziyimpokophelo ebalulekile yokwehliswa okungenzeka. Bheka isihloko sethu esilandelayo njengoba sihlola okutholakalayo ezinye izindlela zokwelula impilo yesigxobo, okuhlanganisa ezinye izinto zezigxobo kanye nezinhlelo zokuvimbela ingxenye noma ezigcwele kanye nemiphumela yazo ekunakekeleni, ukuphepha kanye nemvelo.
Leli sayithi ivikelwe ngu-reCAPTCHA ne-Google Inqubomgomo yobumfihlo futhi Imigomo Yesevisi sebenzisa
